Introduction 

Inflammation is  local response of living mammalian tissue to injury from any agent which could be a microbial, immunological, physical, or chemical agents.

Inflammation is a body’s defense reaction in order to eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agents, followed d by the removal of necrosed cells and tissue.

Agent

1 – Infective agent: bacteria, viruses, toxins, fungi, parasites, etc.

2-Immunological agent: cell-mediated, antigen-antibody reaction, etc.

3 –Physical agent: hot, cold, radiation, mechanical trauma.

4- Chemical agent: organic and inorganic poison.

Cardinal signs

1- Redness

2-Swelling

3- Heat

4- Pain

Later in the year loss of function was added to the cardinal sign

Classification

Inflammation is broadly classified into

1- Acute Inflammation and

2- Chronic inflammation

Acute Inflammation

It is a short-duration and continuous process which is a response by the host to any agents. Acute inflammation has main features are as follows :

(a) Accumulation of fluid and plasma at affected site

(b) Intravascular activation of platelets

(c) Inflammatory cells: PMN (polymorphonuclear neutrophil)

Acute inflammation has two major events 1-vascular event and

2-Cellular event

Vascular events have different effects on our body

(a) Transient vasoconstriction

(b) Vasu dilation

(c) Increased hydrostatic pressure

(c) Slowing or stasis

The cellular phase of inflammation consists of 2 processes

1- Exudation of leukocyte

the sequential change in the exudation of leukocytes are, normal axial flow, margination and pavement, rolling and adhesion, emigration, and diapedesis

2-Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is defined as the process of engulfment of solid particulate material by the cell . The cell performing this function are called phagocytes.

Two types of cells responsible for phagocytosis are: PMN (polymer for nuclear neutrophil ), macrophages

Chronic inflammation

Chronic inflammation is defined as a prolonged process in which tissue destruction and inflammation occur at the same time chronic inflammation can cause in three ways

1: Chronic information following acute inflammation

2: Recurrent attack of acute inflammation

3: Chronic inflammation from the beginning

features of chronic inflammation

1-Mononuclear cell in Filteration

2- Tissue destruction or necrosis

3-Proliferative changes

The major inflammatory cells are Lymphocytes plasma cells, monocyte/macrophage, and giant cells.