Exercise therapy

Exercise therapy is a means of accelerating the patient’s recovery from injuries and diseases which have altered his normal way of living loss or impairment of function prevents or modifies his ability to live independently, carry on his work, and enjoy recreation.

Stretching

Stretching is a general term that help to increase soft tissue extensibility which improves flexibility and ROM by lengthening the structure that is shortened and has become hypermobile.

Walking Aids

There are a number of aids available to assist people who have difficulty walking or who cannot walk independently without one. These external aids are crutches, sticks, and frames. Braces and slints which can be used to assist walking are not described in the book

Starting position

Every movement done in our daily life begins in posture and ends in posture. The posture from which movement is initiated is known as Starting Posi tion and they may be active or passive in character

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular facilitation

The techniques of PNF ( Proprioceptive Neuromuscular facilitation) mainly on stimulation of the proprioceptors for increasing the demand made on the neuromuscular mechanism to obtain and facilitate response . It use for proprioceptive , cutaneous and uditory input

Goniometry

Goniometry of Cervical Spine

Type of joint: The cervical spine is made up of a series of joints allowing for 3 degrees of freedom of the neck. The goniometer is only capable of measuring gross movements of the cervical spine; individual types of joints (eg, the-atlantooccipital or atlantoaxial joints) will not be addressed in this section.

Goniometry of shoulder joint

Type of joint: Ball and socket joint with three degrees of freedom allowing for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation. The anatomic axis is through the center of the head of the humerus.

Goniometry of elbow joint and forearm

Type of joint: Hinge joint (engagingly) with one degree of freedom allowing
for flexion and extension

Capsular pattern: Flexion > extension

Type of joint: This joint is classified as a condyloid joint with two degrees
of freedom (flexion and extension, radial and ulnar deviation). The articulation of the proximal and distal rows of metacarpals are of the same classification and also allow for flexion and extension.

Capsular pattern: Equal restriction of all motions

Manual Muscle Testing

Principal of Manual muscle test

Grades for a manual muscle test are recorded as numerical scores ranging from zero (0), which represents no activity, to five (5), which represents a “normal” or best-possible response to the test or as great a response as can be evaluated by a manual muscle test.

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