Bone Tumors
Bone Tumor Table of Contents Bone tumors may be primary or metastatic. they are clinically quite significant since some of them are highly malignant. WHO has recommended a widely accepted classification of primary bone tumours based on both histogenesis and histologic criteria. Bone Tumors Classification of Tumour-like Lesions of Bone Fibrous dysplasia Fibrous cortical defect […]
Pathology
Pathological Terminology Table of Contents Introduction The word ‘Pathology’ is derived from two Greek words—pathos meaning suffering, and logos meaning study. Pathology is, thus, scientific study of structure and function of body in disease or in other words, pathology consists of abnormalities that occur in normal anatomy (including histology) and physiology owing to disease. Terminology […]
Wrist Complex
Wrist Complex Table of Contents Introduction The wrist joint consists of two compound joints : the radiocarpal and the midcarpal joints , referred to collectively as wrist complex . The wrist complex as whole is considered biaxial with motion of flexion and extension around a coronal axis and radial deviation/Ulnar deviation around anteroposterior axis . Normal ranges of the wrist complex […]
Cardiovascular Adjustments during exercise
Cardiovascular Adjustments during exercise Table of Contents Introduction During exercise, there is an increase in metabolic needs of body tissues, particularly muscles. Various adjustments in the body during exerciseare aimed at: Supply of various metabolic requisites like nutrients and oxygen to the muscles and other tissues involved in exercise Prevention of increase in body temperature. TYPES OF […]
Congestive heart failure
Congestive heart failure Table of Contents Introduction Congestive heart failure or heart failure is a condition in which the heart loses the ability to pump a sufficient amount of blood to all parts of the body. Heart failure or Congestive heart failure may involve left ventricle or right ventricle or both . It may be […]
orthopedic terminology
Terminology Table of Contents Orthopaedic Terms Arthrodesis. Arthrodesis is the process of surgically, fusing a joint, usually irreversible. It is achieved by removing the articular surfaces of both joints and then holding bone ends together as in a fracture either internal or external fixation may be used large joints may require some bone grafting to […]
Muscles of thigh region
Muscles of thigh region human body Table of Contents Introduction The thigh region is divided into anterior, medial, and posterior groups of muscle. Anterior group Common innervation in the anterior group is the femoral nerve. Quadriceps Femoris Rectus Femoris Origin : Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine . Vastus lateralis Origin : Lateral lip of linea aspera […]
Goniometry of shoulder joint
Goniometry of shoulder joint Table of Contents Introduction Shoulder joint Type of joint: Ball and socket joint with three degrees of freedom allowing for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation in the shoulder joint . The anatomic axis is through the center of the head of the humerus. Shoulder Flexion Planes/axis of movement: Motion occurs in the […]
Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage Table of Contents Introduction Hemorrhage is defined as excess loss of blood due to rupture of blood vessels. Types and causes of Hemorrhage it occurs due to various reasons. based on the cause, hemorrhage is classified into five categories: Accidental hemorrhage Capillary hemorrhage Internal hemorrhage Postpartum hemorrhage Hemorrhage due to premature detachment of placenta Compensatory Effects […]
Heart Rate
Heart Rate Table of Contents Introduction Normal heart rate is 72/min.It ranges between 60 and 80 per minute. Tachycardia Tachycardia is the increase in heart rate above 100/ min Physiological Condition when Tachycardia Occurs Childhood Exercise Pregnancy Emotional conditions such as anxiety Pathological condition when Tachycardic Occurs Fever Anemia Hypoxia Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of catecholamines Cardiomyopathy […]